The Alcoholism And Substance Abuse - 978 Words

There are many abused people in America, who suffer from alcoholism and substance abuse. There is no discrimination when it comes to the individuals who are damaged by the two so called diseases. The two addictions not only hurt the addicts, but it hurts their loved ones and the community as well. The results of the abusive behavior can be physical, emotional, sexual, neglect or self-inflicted. There is no age limit, meaning that abusers can begin at very early ages, as early as teenage years and continue throughout their life. Innocent babies are born with drugs in their system, and young children are having to live in dysfunctional homes. Many kids living in these types of environment have a higher school dropout rate. Young adults to the elderly suffer from the misuse. â€Å"Though alcoholism and substance abuse rates are lowest among the elderly, access to habit-forming prescription drugs increases their risk of substance abuse† (Burkholder Nash, 2013, sec. 3.4.). There a re many who suffer from unemployment, health issues, poor decisions etc. It is hard to become employed and to keep a job while under the influence. Diabetes, Liver disease, Heart disease and Kidney failure are only a few physical ailments which can occur. Poor decisions under the influence have led to jail time, physical and emotional pain to others and neglect to a love one. It does not matter about your income status as far as being excluded from the damage that occurs from both of theseShow MoreRelatedBarriers and Limitations in the Treatment of Alcohol and Substance Abuse921 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment Barriers and Limitations in the Community Background of the Problem and Situational Overview Individuals plagued with alcohol and other substance-abuse problems face numerous barriers along the way to their recovery (Cunningham, Sobell, Sobell, Agrawal Toneatte, 1993). At the micro-level, some of the primary barriers relate to the potential threat to their employment and income as a result of acknowledging their problems. They include the financial risksRead MoreSubstance Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans895 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance, as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: friends and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults that are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 people under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapses are common. AfterRead MoreAlcohol Misuse Of Alcoholic Misuse1441 Words   |  6 Pagestendencies. These two types of alcohol exploitation are the main reasons the continual misuse of alcoholic substances occurs. This critical essay intends to describe these types of alcohol mismanagement and argue how consumers of alcohol use it as a deterrent to circumvent these psychological variables and discuss how combined psychological and biological variables are the impetus for alcoholism. Furthermore discovering the dependent and independent variables of alcohol use and how they affect one anotherRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter their gender, race, or any other factors. Many parents are convinced it could never happen to their child, but they are wrong. â€Å"According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration s (SAMHSA s) National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 23.5 million persons aged 12 or o lder needed treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol abuse problem in 2009† (http://www.drugabuse.gov/). These statistics prove that drug addiction is a serious issue that affects families nationwide and itRead MoreThe Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans844 Words   |  4 PageslSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: friends and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults who are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 people under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapse is common. After completingRead MoreWhat are the Causes of Alcholism and How Can We Prevent It? Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesand many people take drinking beyond social and celebration environments. Many Americans suffer from a disease known as alcoholism, it is not only the addiction to, but the inability to function without alcohol. Just like many other substances, in excess alcohol can create many issues within the body both mentally and physically, this is the issue behind alcoholism. Alcoholism, The Cause and Effects Alcohol has been around since ancient times, the original purpose was to treat water for bacteriaRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Within Native American Societies Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse is a topic most prefer not to discuss; it destroys lives, relationships and families all over the world. Native Americans seem to have suffered immensely by it. Since the coming of the Englishmen and the introduction of new knowledge and tools Native people have been trying to hold on to their own culture and their own way of life. Unfortunately with them came new items for consumption, alcohol was one of the main ingredients to the internal downfall of Native populations. NativeRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol Abuse1472 Words   |  6 Pagesranging from weaker alcohols like wine and beer to stronger substances like tequila and vodka. When one abuses alcohol it taints the minds of even the purest souls and then they do things they normally would not do or it brings out their darker side s. Out of all the adults in the nation over half have a history of alcohol abuse or excessive drinking in their families (Research Society on Alcoholism 1). The Research Society defines alcohol abuse as five or more drinks in one day at least one time a weekRead MoreAlcoholism And Drug Abuse And Alcoholism1231 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism and drug abuse are a plague ailing this country and the world at large. Many people think that an alcoholic or an addict is a weak individual, they are often not. They are suffering from a medical condition that hinges on various risk factors. Over 125,000 Americans die yearly due to drug addiction and alcoholism. Genetics, personality and environment contribute majorly in the risk of alcoholism and drug abuse. Genetically if a member of your family had a problem with substanceRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism1446 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol, not only on an individual, but also the effects on the families. Alcohol is one of the many substances that people use and abuse. Since alcohol is legal for any one over the age of twenty-one, many people begin drinking and then develop an addiction to the substance (Goldberg, 2016). Alcoholism effects people of all ages, background, social status, or ethnic group (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016). A social worker should understand how to assess and intervene families who are struggling

Erp Sap Research Paper - 46896 Words

PRENTICE HALL MA NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TITLES MIS: Brown/DeHayes/Hoffer /Martin/Perkins, Managing Information Technology 6/e  © 2009 JessuplValacich, Information Systems Today 31e  © 2008 Kr oenke, Using MIS 21e  © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS  © 2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e  © 2009 Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource  © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology  © 2005 McKeen/Smith, IT Strategy in Action  © 2009 McLeod/Schell, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 McNurlin/Spr ague, Information Systems Management In Practice 7Ie  © 2006 Miller, MIS Cases: Decision Making with Application Software 41e  © 2009 Senn,†¦show more content†¦They have helped lne understand and appreciate the often-complex concepts and render them in tenns that are fa1niliar and related to their everyday lives. The book is also dedicated to the l1wny friends and colleagues with whom I have interacted over the pa st 20 years. In addition, I dedicate this book to my wife Rashida, our caring parents and our kids. Taher and Naqiya who encouraged and supported me while writing this book. Finally, I dedicate this book to the mel1wry of my fathel; Fazle, who recently passed away! Luvai Motiwalla I would like to dedicate this book to lny wife, Deb, and our two children, Trevor and Taylol: They are m.y inspiration and m.otivation. They keep me balanced and centered on what is important in life. And to my mom and dad, for providing a solid base on which to grow and learn. Jef Th ompson f . 1:1; II )f f PREFACE xi xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER INDEX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Introduction to Enterprise Systems for Management Systems Integration 1 35 58 Enterprise Systems ArchitectUl e Development Life Cycle Implementation Strategies 85 112 136 156 189 211 Software andShow MoreRelatedA Presentation Of Jena Mines1461 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction This chapter presents an overview of this research.The presentation is made up of the background of study, statement of the problem, purpose of study, objectives of study, research questions, assumptions, significance of study, limitations and delimitations of study, definition of terms and finally, the summary of the chapter. 1.1 Background to the study Jena Mines (PVT) LTD is a gold mine which is situated in Silobela, Kwekwe and is wholly owned by the Zimbabwe Mining DevelopmentRead MoreCatalog Procurement Systems Present Risks That Should Be Identified And Addressed Essay753 Words   |  4 Pagesand to develop additional synergies. Participating in the SAP Ramp-Up program and using key SAP NetWeaver platform components, the firm made the transition to my SAP ERP solution in just 4 months. Key Challenges †¢ Changing system platform and databases during the upgrade †¢ Implementing a new workflow for logistics accounting. Project Objectives †¢ Transition from SAP R/3 ® software to my SAP ERP (SAP R/3 functionality now found in my SAP ERP) †¢ System landscape unification †¢ Improved business processesRead MorePayroll And Employee Time Tracking Management Systems1190 Words   |  5 Pagesinefficient and error prone. This process had been totally paper and manual based. Worse, aside from difficulty to find invoices, some invoices had been missing. †¢ Inconsistencies between payroll and employee time tracking management systems. The process of payroll was inefficient and took a long time †¢ Rolling up financial data required too much time and labor for each hotel when they were preparing monthly financial reports for investors †¢ Outdated paper based and manual processes within the company, whichRead MoreErp-the Boon688 Words   |  3 PagesRESEARCH PAPER ERP-THE BOON INTRODUCTION This paper presents the evolution of the ERP system since time and how firms have been employing it for generating revenues and providing better solutions to customers .It describes the stages of ERP implementations, the obstacles that firms encountered in generating benefits from the system, advantages, limitations and some critical success factors associated with it and points to be noted during the implementation ofRead MorePopular ERP vendors1060 Words   |  4 PagesMany ERP providers exist. The most popular ERP vendors according to Lutovac Manojlov (2012), Mehrjerdi (2010) and Olson, Chae, Sheu (2013) are SAP and Oracle. Olson et al. (2013) also says that SAP and Oracle are seen as very large and very functional vendor products. However, Grandhi Chugh (2012) adds that along with SAP and Oracle (and PeopleSoft) that Microsoft Dynamics, Epicor Software, Infor Global Solutions, Sage Group, Lawson Software, IFS and Open Bravo are the most popular ERP softwareRead More Enterprise Resource Planning ( Erp )1415 Words   |  6 PagesPindling Dr. Seely ITM 220 12/6/15 Project 3 – Research Paper Defined by Investopiedia.com,† Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a process by which a company, usually a manufacturer, manages and integrates the important parts of its business. An ERP management information system integrates areas such as planning, purchasing, inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, etc. (Investopedia).Today, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are extremely important, especiallyRead MoreChallenges Faced When Implementing the Sap System809 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/05/challenges-faced-when-implementing-the-sap-system-research-propsal-paper.html Challenges Faced when Implementing the SAP System    Introduction      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enterprise-wide resource planning (ERP) system software packages are considered as highly integrated, complex systems for organizations, and thousands of them are implementing successfully in the world (Koch 1996). Even businesses like Hershey, JoAnn stores, Whirlpool and SamsoniteRead MoreCritical Analysis of SAP Systems Adoption in Business Organizations1458 Words   |  6 Pages SAP, an acronym for Systems Applications Products is an audit of a computer system from SAP that is meant to make operations around the business environment easy and to wide depths. The relationship between the business and client environment is recently becoming wider and the incorporation of a single unit of management considered the remedy to congestion and delays (Carmel, E. 1997). Throughout the project, the credibility, efficiency, flexibility and suitability of SAP will beRead MoreThe Impact Of Supply Chain Management On Enterprise Resource Planning2885 Words   |  12 PagesEnterprise Resource Planning Ravinder Reddy Avangapuram Sachin Patil Srihari Dama Madhurima Dasari December 8, 2014 Abstract This research paper presents the results from a literature review on the traditional supply chain management (SCM) problems, reasons of implementing the Enterprise resource planning (ERP) in organizations. The main aim of our research paper is to evaluate the impact of Enterprise resource planning on supply chain management and to find out the best available supply chainRead MoreErp System Implementation and Business Process Change: Case Study of a Pharmaceutical Company8522 Words   |  35 PagesJournal of Computing and Information Technology 1 ERP System Implementation and Business Process Change: Case Study of a Pharmaceutical Company Vesna Bosilj-Vuksic and Mario Spremic Department of Business Computing, Graduate School of Economics Business, University of Zagreb, Croatia The main objective of this paper is to present the impacts of information technology (IT) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in business process renovation and to discuss selected aspects of

Nuclear Weapon Free Essays

Nuclear Weapons are explosive weapons that gain their explosive power from nuclear reactions. Nuclear weapons generate much more energy than weapons using chemical explosives such as TNT. Nuclear weapons can be in the form of aerial bombs, artillery shells, or missiles warheads. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Weapon or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nuclear devices can be exploded in the atmosphere or on or under a land or water surface. A nuclear explosion immediately creates a luminous fireball consisting of ionized matter. The explosion also creates a powerful blast wave. In an atmospheric explosion, the fireball rapidly rises and forms a mushroom-shaped cloud. The blast wave moves away from the fireball at supersonic speed and can demolish buildings over large areas. Heat emitted by the fireball can cause serious skin burns and even start fires from a great distance (Cimbala, 2002). The explosion also produces highly penetrating nuclear radiation that can cause serious illness or death. Radioactive matter created during the explosion can leave a region virtually uninhabitable for some time. The devastating power of nuclear weapons has twice been unleashed on mankind. On August 6, 1945, during the World War II, a United States B-29 bomber dropped a 9,000-pound (4,082-kg) nuclear device on Hiroshima, Japan. The explosion of this atomic bomb (as the weapon was called) resulted in a huge number of deaths—the exact figures are unknown, but estimates range from 68,000 to 200,000 persons. The city was largely destroyed. On August 9, a 10,000-pound (4,536-kg) nuclear device was exploded over the Japanese city of Nagasaki, with similar results (Tsipis, 2004). Five days later the Japanese government surrendered, bringing World War II to an end. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) get to know the in-depth understanding of what nuclear energy really is; (2) be aware of how nuclear weapons work and; (3) be familiar with the effects of nuclear explosions. II. Background A. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy (also called atomic energy), results from the conversion of mass into energy according to Albert Einstein’s formula E = mc2. (This is read â€Å"E equals m c squared.† E represents energy, m mass, and c the speed of light. If the mass is measured in kilograms and the speed of light in meters per second, the result is energy in joules.) The conversion of one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of any substance into energy would produce about 9 X 1016 joules, or 25 billion kilowatt-hours, of energy (Gasteyger, 1999). Nuclear weapon is released when the particles that make up the nucleus (core) of an atom are rearranged in some manner. As the particles are rearranged, a small portion of the mass of the nucleus is converted into energy. Nuclear energy in large amounts has been produced by two processes—fission and fusion. Fission refers to the splitting (fissioning) of a large nucleus into two or more smaller ones. Fusion refers to the building up of a nucleus by combining smaller nuclei or individual protons and neutrons (Gasteyger, 1999). III. Discussion A. How nuclear weapons work? Explosive devices that utilize the fission process were originally called atomic weapons, while those that depend on fusion were known as hydrogen weapons or thermonuclear weapons. These terms are still used occasionally, but the term â€Å"nuclear weapons,† which designates both fission and fusion weapons, is used more frequently. Fission Weapons. Only certain typed of atoms have nuclei that can be readily fissioned. Of those that do have a fissionable nucleus, the two most easily produced in quantity for nuclear weapons are uranium 235 (whose nucleus contains a total of 235 protons and neutrons) and plutonium 239. In fission reaction only about 0.1 percent of the mass of the atom is converted into energy (Spector, 2004). Nevertheless, the fissioning of all the atoms in 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of either uranium 235 or plutonium 239—a chunk about the size of a golf ball—yields as much energy as would be released by 17,000 tons of TNT. When a sufficient amount of either uranium 235 or plutonium 239 is brought together, a spontaneous, self-sustaining chain reaction occurs. In a chain reaction, the splitting of atomic nuclei causes the emission of particles called neutrons that, in turn, cause other nuclei to split. The amount of uranium or plutonium required, called the critical mass, depends on the composition and shape of the material. In general, plutonium 239 has a smaller critical mass than uranium 235. The critical mass for a solid sphere of plutonium 239 is only about 35 pounds (16 kg). A fission weapon is detonated by very rapidly bringing together more than enough fissionable material to form a critical mass ( Krieger, 2001). The fission reactions proceed through the material at an uncontrolled rate, leading to the release of a tremendous amount of energy within a very short period of time—less than a millionth of a second. There are at least two basic methods used to make a fission bomb explode. In one method, used in the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, two masses of uranium 235 are driven together by a chemical explosive charge. (The two masses must be brought together quickly to prevent the material from blowing apart before most of the uranium undergoes fission. In the second method, used in the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, a number of high explosive charges are used to crush a hollow sphere of plutonium into a dense ball. A major difficulty in constructing a fission weapon lies in the preparation of a supply of fissionable material of adequate purity. Many nations possess the technical ability to develop a fission bomb, but only a few have the necessary resources (Susiluot, 2002). B. Effects of Nuclear Explosions The three effects of nuclear explosions are the blast effect; the thermal effect; and the nuclear radiation effect. Blast and thermal effects are associated with both chemical explosions and nuclear explosions, but only nuclear explosions produce nuclear radiation. The relative strength of each type of effect produced by the explosion of a nuclear weapon in the atmosphere depends on the weapon’s construction. On the average, the energy of such an explosion is 50 percent blast, 35 percent thermal, and 15 percent nuclear radiation (Tsipis, 2004). In the event of a large-scale nuclear war, the explosions produced by the detonation of hundreds or thousands of nuclear weapons would blast a large amount of soil into the air. The explosions would also start widespread fires that would send a large amount of smoke high into the atmosphere. Some scientific studies indicate that such a war could result in a phenomenon commonly referred to as nuclear winter. According to the studies, the dust and smoke might block out the sun for weeks or months, causing temperatures at the earth’s surface to fall well below normal (Smith, 1997). Reduced temperatures, together with the lack of sunlight, could kill much of the plant life that animals feed for food. The nuclear radiation resulting from a nuclear explosion is divided into two categories: (1) initial, or prompt, radiation; and (2) residual, or fallout, radiation. Prompt radiation is radiation that is emitted within one minute of the explosion. All subsequent radiation is termed fallout radiation (Schneider, 2004). IV. Conclusion In conclusion, the concept of nuclear weapons serving as a deterrent was weakened with the introduction of missiles with multiple warheads. These warheads can each be aimed at a different target and are extremely accurate. Some military planners began to speak of a â€Å"counterforce† attack—a nuclear attack directed specifically at the nuclear forces of the other country with the intention of reducing its ability to launch a retaliatory strike. Other military planners, however, believe that such an attack could not be made without a great risk of starting a devastating, unlimited nuclear exchange. Reference: Cimbala, Stephen J. A New Nuclear Century: Strategic Stability and Arms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control. Praeger, 2002. Gasteyger, Curt. Thinking Aloud: Is NPT’s Assumption of a Finite Number of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nuclear-Weapon States Realistic? UN Chronicle, Vol. 36, Summer   Ã‚   1999. Krieger, David. A New Beginning: A World without Nuclear Weapons.   Ã‚   International Journal of Humanities and Peace, Vol. 17, 2001. Smith, Ron. The Abolition of Nuclear Weapons: Possibilities and Practicalities.    New Zealand International Review, Vol. 22, 1997. Schneider, Jr. William. A 21st-Century Role for Nuclear Weapons: New    Security Challenges and Improved Conventional Weapons Mean New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roles and Requirements for Nuclear Weapons. Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 20, Spring 2004 Spector, L.S. Nuclear Proliferation Today (Ballinger, 2004). Susiluot , Taina. Tactical Nuclear Weapons: Time for Control. United Nations   Ã‚  Ã‚   Institute for Disarmament Research, 2002. Tsipis, Kosta. Arsenal: Understanding Weapons in the Nuclear Age (Simon   Ã‚  Ã‚   Schuster, 2004).    How to cite Nuclear Weapon, Essay examples

Technology and Society free essay sample

Science, Technology and Society Science, technology and society (STS) is the study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture. STS scholars are interested in a variety of problems including the relationships between scientific and technological innovations and society, and the directions and risks of science and technology. Science and technology continue to shape our society in profound ways. Entering the 21st century, our society is in need of well-educated individuals with a command of scientific and technical concepts. The sciences and engineering further require cultural, ethical, legal, and historical frameworks to critically assess the appropriate and far-sighted application of these new concepts and cutting-edge technologies. The Science, Technology, and Society Program (STS) provides an interdisciplinary approach to the social, historical, ethical, philosophical, legal, and policy implications of scientific research, engineering, health, and medicine. Due to their engagement with multiple sides of current scientific and technical issues, STS scholars are uniquely positioned to take a leading role in shaping society. For the University, STS provides a means of bridging academic disciplines and forging new initiatives across disciplinary boundaries. For our students, STS provides an opportunity to bridge disciplinary interests, expand research possibilities, and learn the analytical skills needed to be competitive in an increasingly globalizing market for the sciences and technology. The vital role of science in modern life is not overstated in view of todays world. Science and technology have profoundly influenced the course of human civilization. Science has provided us remarkable insights into the world we live in. The scientific revolutions of the 20th century have led to many technologies, which promise to herald wholly new eras in many fields, As we stand today at the beginning of a new century, we have to ensure fullest use of these developments for the well being of our people. Science and technology have been an integral part of Indian civilization and culture over the past several millennia. Few are aware that India was the fountainhead of important foundational scientific developments and approaches. These cover many great scientific discoveries and technological achievements in Mathematics, Astronomy, Architecture, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Medicine, Natural Philosophy and other areas. A great deal of this traveled outwards from India. Equally, India also assimilated scientific ideas and techniques from elsewhere, with open-mindedness and a rational attitude, characteristic of a scientific ethos. Indias traditions have been founded on the principles of universal harmony, respect for all creations and an integrated holistic approach. This background is likely to provide valuable insights for future scientific advances. During the century prior to independence, there was an awakening of modem science in India through the efforts of a number of outstanding scientists. They were responsible for great scientific advances of the highest international caliber. Improvements in techniques evolved as a result of scientific research bring about great increases in production in the different sectors of the economy. National resources are augmented by the substitution of cheap and abundant materials for those in scarce supplies and by finding uses for materials, which have remained un-utilized, prior to independence; very little attention was given to the problem of scientific and industrial research in India. A number of universities and institutes carried out research, mostly on fundamental aspects of science. Certain industries also had their own research organizations. However, industry depended, by and large, on foreign techniques and did not develop research programs of its own. A large number of products that had been imported into the country had to be manufactured to meet both civilian and military needs. Indian substitutes had to be found for imported materials and processes had to be developed which would use these materials in place of imported ones. In these circumstances, the Government of India constituted dies Board of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1940. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research was formed in 1942. Since independence there has been a greater emphasis on the provision of additional facilities for the promotion of scientific and industrial research. The most significant development in this sphere has been the establishment of a chain of national laboratories and research institutes in different parts of the country. The establishment of national laboratories and research institutes has a special importance in a country like India where medium and small-scale producers contribute a considerable proportion of industrial production. These industries cannot afford to have research facilities of their own, as the larger producers can. Besides these laboratories and research institutes, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research has made contributions towards the promotion of fundamental and applied research at a number of institutions and universities. Science is becoming increasingly inter-and multi-disciplinary, and calls for multi-institutional and, in several cases, multi-country participation. Major experimental facilities, even in several areas of basic research, require very large amount of materials, human and intellectual resources. Science and technology have become so closely intertwined, and so reinforce each other that, to be effective, any policy needs to view them together. The continuing revolutions in die field of information and communication technologies have had profound impact on the manner and speed with which scientific information becomes available, and scientific interactions take place. Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on economic growth and social development. Knowledge has become a source of economic might and power. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of knowledge, to new norms of intellectual property rights, and to global trade and technology control regimes. Scientific and technological developments today also have deep ethical, legal and social implications. There are deep concerns in society about these. The ongoing globalization and the intensely competitive environment have a significant impact on the production and service sectors. Because of all this, our science and technology system has to be infused with new vitality if it is to play a decisive and beneficial role hi advancing the well being of all sections of our society. The nation continues to be firm in its resolve to support science and technology in all its facets. It recognizes its central role in raising the quality of life of the people of the country, particularly of the disadvantaged sections of society, in creating wealth for all, in making India globally competitive, in utilizing natural resources in a sustainable manner, in protecting die environment, and ensuring national security. India has the third largest scientific and technical manpower in the world; 162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories that have made some significant achievements. In the field of missile launch technology, India is among the five top nations of the world. Science and Technology, however, is used as an effective instrument of growth and change. It is being brought into the mainstream of economic planning in the sectors of agriculture, industry and services. The countrys resources are used to derive the maximum output for the benefit of society and improvement in the quality of life. About 85 per cent of the funds for science and technology come directly or indirectly from the Government. As part of its programme for peaceful uses of atomic energy, India has also embarked on a program of nuclear power generation. Currently eight nuclear stations are producing 8 billion kilowatts of electricity. Four more nuclear power stations have been planned. The new nuclear reactors have been completely designed in India. The peaceful nuclear programme also includes producing radioisotopes for use in agriculture, medicine, industry and research. Indias progress in space technology has attracted worldwide attention and demand, with leasing agreements for marketing of IRS data and supply of space hardware and services. India also believes in co-operation in space with agencies all over the world. A high-level UN team selected India for setting up a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education. India is on the threshold of achieving self-reliance in the launch capability. Recently, the Biotechnology Consortium India Limited was set up. It will play the role of catalyst in bridging the gap between Research and Development, Industrial and Financial Institutions. Some of the new initiatives taken include developing techniques for gene mapping, conservation of biodiversity and bio-indicators research, special biotechnology programs for the benefit of die scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and activities in the area of plantation oops. The areas, which have been receiving attention, are cattle herd improvement through embryo transfer technology, in vitro propagation of disease resistant plant varieties for obtaining higher yields, and development of vaccines for various diseases. Thus, we see that India has made unprecedented development in the field of scientific research and technology during the post-independence period and this just seems to be the beginning of a road with endless possibilities. In fact during post independence period and through the vision of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the then Prime Minister, Science and Technology were developed in a conscious way as a major force for accelerating social and economic change. Nehru clearly expressed his views in his Discovery of India’: It was science alone that could solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and doddering custom and tradition, of vast resources running to waste, of a rich country inhabited by starving people, Programme of Green Revolution has made it true.